Identifying the constraining factors of PRODUCTION and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the PRODUCTION constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Due to having spring and autumn genotypes and adaptation to weather conditions, rapeseed is considered as a point hope to provide edible oil of country. Two separate experiments were set up as split-plot in a RCBD design with three replications in two fall and winter seasons during two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute to investigate the effect of sowing season and date on the quantitative and qualitative yields of rapeseed genotypes in Karaj, Iran. In this study, the main plots were sowing dates (7, 17, and 27 October in fall sowing and 9 and 19 February, and 1 March in winter sowings) and sub-plots consisted of genotypes (RGS003, Dalgan, Zabol10, Hyola401, and Hyola4815). Rapeseed genotypes GRAIN and oil yields were 4330 and 1840 kg ha-1 in fall sowing, respectively, while these traits were decreased 43.3 and 46.6% respectively, when rapeseed genotypes were planted in winter season. The highest GRAIN and oil yields (5033 and 2202 kg ha-1) belonged to 7 October sowing date in fall sowing, while 9 February had the highest GRAIN and oil yields (2996 and 1248 kg ha-1) in winter sowing. In general, the Dalgan genotype is recommended for cultivation due to suitable agronomic traits such as number of silique per plant, number of GRAIN per silique, silique length, 1000-GRAIN weight, as well as high GRAIN and oil yields in cold temperate regions with arid and semi-arid climates such as Karaj, Iran.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the PRODUCTION of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the PRODUCTION of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Identifying the impact of consumption of different inputs on agricultural PRODUCTION helps to provide the right information to the policymaker. This study aimed at estimating the PRODUCTION function of two basic products (irrigated and rainfed wheat, and rice) using the three-dimensional spatial panel pattern (product, province and time). The required information was collected for the 30 provinces of Iran in the period from 2006 to 2018; and according to the selection criteria of the PRODUCTION functions, the translog function was selected as the superior function. Due to spatial effects and diagnostic tests, the spatial correlation model was evaluated as the optimal model. The study results showed that the elasticity of cultivated area, consumption of pesticides, tractors and combine harvesters to the PRODUCTION of irrigated wheat, rainfed wheat and rice products was positive and the elasticity of labor, consumption of seeds and fertilizers to the PRODUCTION of these products was negative; in addition, the elasticity of PRODUCTION inputs did not change significantly over time, and the trend of impacts of the PRODUCTION inputs on the PRODUCTION of the studied products was almost constant. Due to the surplus of labor in the PRODUCTION of these three products, the withdrawal of labor from PRODUCTION in this sector should be on the agenda and more investment should be made in investment factors such as combine harvesters and tractors to increase PRODUCTION so that the country can achieve self-sufficiency. . .

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (GRAIN protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, GRAIN protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Introduction Phosphorus (P) is an essential element in crop nutrition, which can be growth limiting or an environmental contaminant, if present in excess. On the other hand, tillage practices have a direct effect on behavior and availability of soil P. Since, application of different tillage methods lead to different patterns of soil phosphorus distribution, hence P fertilizer needs and P availability may be different in tillage systems. Researchers have found that the effects of tillage on P stratification depends on soil texture. Kimmel et al. (2000) reported that total P losses were significantly lower for NT than chisel-disk-field cultivator and ridge-till. Bahgar et al. (1998) showed that higher levels of P fertilizer improved shoot, root growth and the uptake of all nutrient elements in No till system. High levels of P also significantly enhanced the uptake of all nutrient elements except Zn and Cu.....

Stem water soluble carbohydrates are one of the major sources of assimilates for seed filling in photosynthesis limitation conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the remobilization potential of wheat varieties by potassium iodide. 22 wheat cultivars as sub plots were cultivated in a split plot design with three replications in two growing seasons 2015- 2017 and application and no application of potassium iodide (KI) were main plots. Yield, the number of seed per spike, remobilization, and contribution of remobilization in GRAIN yield were estimated. Significant genotypic variation among cultivars was observed under both normal and KI application. Current photosynthesis elimination decreased the average seed weight per spike by 46%. GRAIN yield per spike in some cultivars such as Shoosh, Pishgam and Arta and Zare was decresed significantly (up to 65%). The average of GRAIN number per spike was 38 in control, but the application of potassium iodide reduced it to 24% (29 GRAIN per spike). The results of this study showed that the inhibition of current photosynthesis increased the remobilization of assimilate from 3% to 44% in different cultivars. According to the results of cluster analysis, Karim, Shebrang, Hamoon, Pishgam and Dena cultivars had high and also Zare, Chamran and Shush cultivars had low remobilization potentials.

To study the relationship between dry matter accumulation (biological yield) and GRAIN yield in Iranian wheat cultivars, an experiment was performed at Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources research field during 2010-2011 growing season. The plant materials (81 wheat cultivars) were evaluated using a simple lattice design with two replications under well-watered condition. Generally, GRAIN yield of modern wheat cultivars was higher than the old ones. This trend was also observed for harvest index (HI) and GRAIN number per square meter. There were no significant differences in biological yield and 1000-GRAIN weight between old and new cultivars. Analysis of correlation showed significant and positive association between GRAIN yield and biological yield which is not consistent with the lack of consistent increases in biological yield through breeding activity in the past. It seems that modern wheat cultivars had lower dry matter PRODUCTION before anthesis than the old cultivars. But, they produced more photo-assimilates after anthesis because of increased GRAIN number. Therefore, despite the non-significant increases in biological yield through breeding, the GRAIN yield correlated positively with biological yield.